Multiple intelligence theory introduced by Howard Gardner. Eight types of intelligence are Linguistic, Logical Mathematical, Spatial Musical, Bodily kinetic, Inter personal, Intra personal and Naturalistic intelligence

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Howard Gardner introduced Multiple intelligence theory. There is a test for the age 5 to18 its Arousal it helps to understand interests and intelligence in different matters. "Intelligence is not a single entity rather distinct types of intelligence exists each of this intelligence are independent each other" Each are different from others. This theory classified intelligence into eight types. Eight types of intelligence are  1)Linguistic intelligence it refers people who can use words and alphabets in a good manners. For example writers poets etc.. 2)Logical Mathematical intelligence:-it is a skills to reason and to think scientific.special abilities in mathematics as like calculations etc.. For example scientists, critical thinkers etc.. 3)Spatial intelligence :-it is a skills forming visual images and information. For example civil engineer's ,interrail designers etc.. 4)Musical intelligence :-it is ability to sense rhythm and arrange...
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HOW IS EGO AND SUPER EGO DEFINED BY FREUD ? WHAT IS PSYCHO DYNAMIC APPROACH ?

Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior.



Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood (in the form of neuroses).

The unconscious mind acts as a repository, a ‘cauldron’ of primitive wishes and impulse kept at bay and mediated by the preconscious area.

For example, Freud (1915) found that some events and desires were often too frightening or painful for his patients to acknowledge, and believed such information was locked away in the unconscious mind. This can happen through the process of repression.

later developed a more structural model of the mind comprising the entities id, ego, and superego (what Freud called “the psychic apparatus”).

Freud assumed the id operated at an unconscious level according to the pleasure principle (gratification from satisfying basic instincts). The id comprises two kinds of biological instincts (or drives) which Freud called Eros and Thanatos.

Eros, or life instinct, helps the individual to survive; it directs life-sustaining activities such as respiration, eating, and sex (Freud, 1925). The energy created by the life instincts is known as libido.

In contrast, Thanatos or death instinct, is viewed as a set of destructive forces present in all human beings (Freud, 1920). When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. Freud believed that Eros is stronger than Thanatos, thus enabling people to survive rather than self-destruct.

The Psyche - Id - Ego - Superego
The ego develops from the id during infancy. The ego's goal is to satisfy the demands of the id in a safe a socially acceptable way. In contrast to the id, the ego follows the reality principle as it operates in both the conscious and unconscious mind.

The superego develops during early childhood (when the child identifies with the same sex parent) and is responsible for ensuring moral standards are followed. The superego operates on the morality principle and motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner.

Freud believed that children are born with a libido – a sexual (pleasure) urge. There are a number of stages of childhood, during which the child seeks pleasure from a different ‘object.’

Psycho sexual Stages

To be psychologically healthy, we must successfully complete each stage. Mental abnormality can occur if a stage is not completed successfully and the person becomes ‘fixated’ in a particular stage. This particular theory shows how adult personality is determined by childhood experiences.

Freud's Followers

Freud attracted many followers, who formed a famous group in 1902 called the "Psychological Wednesday Society." The group met every Wednesday in Freud's waiting room.

Some other thinkers not supported freud's theory then they started to find some other theories it is called as Neo Freudian theories.

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