AMJU'S LEARNING HUB

                     The Obstacle In Our Path (Opportunity) In ancient times, a King had a boulder placed on a roadway. He then hid himself and watched to see if anyone would move the boulder out of the way. Some of the king’s wealthiest merchants and courtiers came by and simply walked around it. CLEAR YOUR PATH Many people loudly blamed the King for not keeping the roads clear, but none of them did anything about getting the stone out of the way. A peasant then came along carrying a load of vegetables. Upon approaching the boulder, the peasant laid down his burden and tried to push the stone out of the road. After much pushing and straining, he finally succeeded. MOVE THE OBSTACLE After the peasant went back to pick up his vegetables, he noticed a purse lying in the road where the boulder had been. The purse contained many gold coins and a note from the King explaining that the gold was for the person who removed the boulder from ...

Karen Horney (pronouned hor-neye) was a neo-Freudian psychologist known for her theory of neurotic needs, her research on feminine psychology, and her critiques of Freud's emphasis on the concept of penis envy. In addition to this, she made important contributions to the areas of self-psychology and her emphasis on the role that self-analysis and self-help play in mental health. Horney was one of the first women trained in psychoanalysis, and she was also one of the first to criticize Freud's depictions of women as inferior to men. Horney objected to Freud's portrayal of women as suffering from "penis envy." Instead, she suggested that men experience "womb envy" because they are unable to bear children. Her theory focuses on how behavior was influenced by a number of different neurotic needs. In addition, Horney disagreed with Freud's focus on aggression, power, and sex. She argued that the Oedipal complex had little to do with these drives, and was ...

Alfred Adler Adler believed that Freud's theories focused too heavily on sex as the primary motivator for human behavior.Instead, Adler placed a lesser emphasis on the role of the unconscious and a greater focus on interpersonal and social influences. His approach, known as individual psychology, was centered on the drive that all people have to compensate for their feelings of inferiority. The inferiority complex, he suggested, was a person's feelings and doubts that they do not measure up to other people or to society's expectations. >Life style and social interest:- Lifestyle is the interests, opinions, behaviors, and behavioral orientations of an individual, group, or culture. The term was introduced by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler with the meaning of "a person's basic character as established early in childhood", as in his 1929 book, The Case of Miss R. The broader sense of lifestyle as a "way or style of living" has been documented si...

Freud's theory is good at explaining but not at predicting behavior (which is one of the goals of science). For this reason, Freud's theory is unfalsifiable - it can neither be proved true or refuted. For example, the unconscious mind is difficult to test and measure objectively. Overall, Freud's theory is highly unscientific. Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality. These theorists, referred to as neo-Freudians, generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. Freud and Jung once had a close friendship, but Jung broke away to form his own ideas.2 Jung referred to his theory of personality as analytical psychology, and he introduced the concept of the collective unconscious. He described this as a universal structure shared by all members of the same species containing all of the instincts and archetypes t...

Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood (in the form of neuroses). The unconscious mind acts as a repository, a ‘cauldron’ of primitive wishes and impulse kept at bay and mediated by the preconscious area. For example, Freud (1915) found that some events and desires were often too frightening or painful for his patients to acknowledge, and believed such information was locked away in the unconscious mind. This can happen through the process of repression. later developed a more structural model of the mind comprising the entities id, ego, and superego (what Freud called “the psychic apparatus”). Freud assumed ...

Defence mechanism is an unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. Defence mechanisms may result in healthy or unhealthy consequences depending on the circumstances and frequency with which the mechanism is used.  AVOID ANXIETY >Rejection  >Projection  >Deniel  >Reaction Formation  >Rationalisation  Rejection is form avoiding something painful. the rejection from consciousness of painful or disagreeable ideas, memories, feelings, or impulses. REJECTION Psychological projection is a defense mechanism people subconsciously employ in order to cope with difficult feelings or emotions. Psychological projection involves projecting undesirable feelings or emotions onto someone else, rather than admitting to or dealing with the unwanted feelings.  If you're in denial, you're trying to protect yourself by refusing to accept the truth about something that's happening in your l...

Charak Samhita, a famous treatise on Ayurveda, classifies people into the categories of vata, pitta and kapha on the basis of three humoural elements called tridosha. Each refers to a type of temperament, called prakriti (basic nature) of a person. The concept is originally notable as a feature of Samkhya philosophy.   There are three gunas, according to this worldview, that have always been and continue to be present in all things and beings in the world. These three gunas are:  >Sattva (goodness, constructive, harmonious). >Rajas (passion, active, confused). >Tamas (darkness, destructive, chaotic). All of these three gunas are present in everyone and everything, it is the proportion that is different, according to Hindu worldview. What is catell personality factors?  One such theory was proposed by psychologist Raymond Cattell. Through this approach rymond catell explained that personality is features of two trait: >Source trait  >surface trait ...

Trait Approach:- In psychology, trait theory is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.And also trait theory is very interesting theory.               A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attributes or quality which an individual defers from others.A trait is stable,persistent and specific way of behavior. Allport's trait theory:-    According to allport he described three features for personality that are mentioned below. >Cardinal trait  >central trait  >Secondary trait  Cardinal traits: Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare, and dominate, usually developing later in life. They tend to define a person to such an extent that their names become synonymous with their personality.for example Mahatma Gandh's-Gandian traits Ahimsa.  Central ...

                                              The Butterfly  A man found a cocoon of a butterfly. BUTTERFLY One day a small opening appeared. He sat and watched the butterfly for several hours as it struggled to force its body through that little hole. Until it suddenly stopped making any progress and looked like it was stuck. So the man decided to help the butterfly. He took a pair of scissors and snipped off the remaining bit of the cocoon. The butterfly then emerged easily, although it had a swollen body and small, shriveled wings. THE STRUGGLING PERIODS The man didn’t think anything of it and sat there waiting for the wings to enlarge to support the butterfly. But that didn’t happen. The butterfly spent the rest of its life unable to fly, crawling around with tiny wings and a swollen body. Despite the kind heart of the man, he didn’t understand that the restricting...

In the 1940's, William Herbert Sheldon associated body types with human temperament types. ... He says that a fat person with a large bone structure tends to have an outgoing and more relaxed personality while a more muscular body-typed person is more active and aggressive. THREE TYPES OF PERSONALITY Sheldon classified personality into three types:- >Endomorphs  >Mesomorphs >Ectomorphs  Sheldon classified personality on the basis of body nature. An Endomorphs somatotype is also known as a viscerotonic. The characteristic traits of this somatotype usually includes being relaxed, tolerant, comfortable, and sociable. Psychologically, they are also fun-loving, good humored,even-tempered, and they love food and affection. The Endomorph is physically "round". Mesomorphs have large bone structure, well-defined muscles, broad shoulders, narrow waists, and attractive, strong bodies.According to Sheldon, mesomorphs are adventurous, assertive, competitive, and fearless. The...

At its most basic, personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. It is believed that personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life.                        UNDERSTAND YOUR PERSONALITY Friedman and Risenman undertook a study to understand how different types of personalities contribute to the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).  firstly they came with two type of personality then they introduced two more types of personality.Then introduced four types of personality. The four types of personality  >Type A >Type B >Type C >Type D >Features of type a personality:-high motivation,lack of patients,hurry people,feel so tough time,Doing a lot of jobs,They have some difficulties to relax their mind,they have chance to diseases like,hypertension,coronary heart disease (CHD). coronary heart disease make cha...

Eysenck's personality theory is considered a true paradigm and the most solid theory that psychology has offered. The theory best explains why each person has their own personality. The theory states that there are three large traits inside each of us. These three traits are psychotic-ism, extroversion, and neuroticism. FIND YOUR PERSONALITY In his opinion he tells that personality includes three traits.He divided people's personality into three:- >Neuroticism/Emotional stability  >Extroversion/Ambiversion/Introversion   >psychotic-ism/sociability  Neuroticism:-Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than average to be moody and to experience such feelings as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed mood, and lonely. Emotional stability:-A person who has a high level of emotional stability is preferred in most professions because they have more control over their emotions at work. Employees with low emotion...

>Personality is defined as the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognition's, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. Our characteristic base of responding to individuals and situations.our reaction is base of our personality. personality refers to the physical and external appearance of an individual.persons appearance have an important role in personality. Features of personality:- >Personality is unique-Every person or individuals have their own uniqueness. >Its not easy to change it on different times.changing personality in different Situation may not easy.personality is relatively stable. > Personality also influencing some internal and external factors. > Personality is greatly influenced by social interactions. > It impacts behaviors and actions. >Multiple expressions. Culture and personality :- >Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine...

Behavior have an important role in our life.So we wanted to study the techniques to control behavior. Techniques to control our behavior:- >Observation own our on behavior  >Self instruction  >Self reinforcement  >Self regulation >Self control CONTROL YOUR BEHAVIOR 1) It's the ability to observe and react to our own behaviors as if they were the actions of someone else. In other words, to engage the 'observing self'.Behavior-modification procedures often require subjects to self-observe their own behavior.That self-observation may have important applications for behavior-change programs.It help ur to change our behavior and also help to strengthen the inputs for our goals and other activities. 2) Self-instruction involves a person telling him or herself to do something and then doing it.It has some advantages to traditional instruction.Self-instruction techniques involve the use of self-statements to direct or self-regulate behavior. Through ...

In psychology, behavior consists of an organism's external reactions to its environment. Other aspects of psychology, such as emotions, thoughts, and other internal mental processes, don't usually fall under the category of behavior. FIND YOUR BEHAVIOR A child throwing a tantrum is an example of bad behavior. The actions of chimps studied by scientists are an example of behaviors. 1. Molecular and Moral Behavior Molecular Behavior: It is an unexpected behavior that occurs without thinking. One example is suddenly closing eyes when something is about to this the eyes. Molar Behavior: Unlike molecular behavior, this type of behavior occurs after thinking. For example, a person changes the way when she or he sees a harmful thing. MORAL THINKING 2. Overt & Covert Behavior Overt Behavior: It is a visible type of behavior that can occur outside of human beings. Eating food, riding on a bicycle, and playing football are some examples. Covert Behavior: Unlike overt behavior, this t...

                             Control Your Temper (Anger) There once was a little boy who had a very bad temper. His father decided to hand him a bag of nails and said that every time the boy lost his temper, he had to hammer a nail into the fence. On the first day, the boy hammered 37 nails into that fence. The boy gradually began to control his temper over the next few weeks, and the number of nails he was hammering into the fence slowly decreased. He discovered it was easier to control his temper than to hammer those nails into the fence. Finally, the day came when the boy didn’t lose his temper at all. He told his father the news and the father suggested that the boy should now pull out a nail every day he kept his temper under control. The days passed and the young boy was finally able to tell his father that all the nails were gone. The father took his son by the hand and led him to the fence.   “you ha...

The self is an individual person as the object of its own reflective consciousness. Since the self is a reference by a subject to the same subject, this reference is necessarily subjective. The sense of having a self—or self-hood - s hould, however, not be confused with subjectivity. SELF CONCEPT  Self-concept:- it means we perceive our self and the idea we called about our combitensis and attributes is called self concept.   Four concepts of self:- 1)Positive and Negative self concept >Positive concept  >Negative concept  Negative self concept :-academically high and weak in sports based on him it is a negative thing.  Positive self concept:-thinking positive about some abilities or some special thing he have. 2) Self-Esteem :-confidence in one's own worth or abilities; self-respect.Self judgement of a person about values and worth he have this judgement is known as self esteem. 3)Self-efficiency:- is, according to psychologist Albert Bandura who original...

Self:-forming one's own opinions, and not borrowing them ready-made from others, or merely following prevalent fashions of thought; of independent judgment. UNDERSTAND YOUR SELF Two types of self are commonly considered—the self that is the ego, also called the learned, superficial self of mind and body, an egoistic creation, and the self which is sometimes called the "True Self", the "Observing Self",self getting from from others observations. Two types of self identities are :- >Personal identity  >social identity  Personal identity is the concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life. This may include aspects of your life that you have no control over, such as where you grew up or the color of your skin, as well as choices you make in life, such as how you spend your time and what you believe. Social identity refers to the ways that people's self-concepts are based on their membership in social groups.For example I am ...