AMJU'S LEARNING HUB

Intelligence is the one main controversial topic.Different researchers proposed different ideas about intelligence some the ideas are  >intelligence through experience:-Some of the researchers argued that intelligence is a ability it attain through their day today life experience.And also argued that through this they can earn more knowledge. >Intelligence through Recognizing problem:- some researchers argued that intelligence is depends on how the people address a the different problems by using their knowledge. Intelligence through problem solving:-some other researchers argued that intelligence is the capacity of problem solving by using their knowledge  History behind Intelligence:- The term "intelligence quotient," or IQ, was first coined in the 20th century by a German psychologist named William Stern.  Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence tests to help the French government to identify schoolchildren who needed extra academic ...

Intelligence  Alfred binet was one of the first psychologist who worked on intelligence. He defined intelligence as the ability to judge well,understood intelligence in terms of its functionality. According to wechler          Intelligence it is a global and aggregate capacity of an individual to act purposefully,To think rationally and to do deal effectively with his/her environment. Theories of intelligence:- There are different theories formed on subject of intelligence.This theories are introduced by different people who made several findings in field of psychology.But later proven that some theories are not correct. >Psychometric approach  >Information processing approach  >Theory of multiple intelligence  >Pass model theory  This are different theories of intelligence.This theories are different from one another different researchers are who worked behind this theories.

Personality Assessment is a proficiency in professional psychology that involves the administration, scoring, and interpretation of empirically supported measures of personality traits and styles and other through psychological interventions. In simple words personality assessment is a measurement using different types of psychological principles to understand the difference of one person from another. >Psychological test >Interview  >Case study  >Self report  >Observation  Different Assessment  Techniques are:- >Psychological test:-It is an objective and standardized of an individuals mental and behavioral characteristic  >Interview :- Collecting details from others by asking questions.there is to type of interview. >Structured interview  >Unstructured interview  >Case study:-It is method of studying deeply about a case or a problem. >self report:-It...

                       Puppies for Sale (Understanding) A shop owner placed a sign above his door that said: “Puppies For Sale.” Related:  How to Prepare Properly & Successfully For A First Date Signs like this always have a way of attracting young children, and to no surprise, a boy saw the sign and approached the owner;  “How much are you going to sell the puppies for?” he asked. The store owner replied, “Anywhere from $30 to $50.” The little boy pulled out some change from his pocket. “I have $2.37,” he said. “Can I please look at them?” The shop owner smiled and whistled. Out of the kennel came Lady, who ran down the aisle of his shop followed by five teeny, tiny balls of fur. One puppy was lagging considerably behind. Immediately the little boy singled out the lagging, limping puppy and said, “What’s wrong with that little dog?” The shop owner explained that the veterina...

Personality Assessment is a proficiency in professional psychology that involves the administration, scoring, and interpretation of empirically supported measures of personality traits and styles and other through psychological interventions. In simple words personality assessment is a measurement using different types of psychological principles to understand the difference of one from another. In psychology there is two types of assessment that are:- >Formal Assessment  >Informal Assessment  Formal Assessment is the assessment which is based on psychological principles.In this method the assessment  take place on the basis of psychological principles and other ethics that wanted to use in a psychological test. Informal Assessment:-In this method the assessment is not based on psychological principles.It is an opinion from others without having any scientific base. Some of the assessment  methods are psychological test,Interview,Case study,O...

Individual difference  Every  person are different from one another.Every person have their on uniqueness in their personality.This Uniqueness are taking place because of changes in attributes (Personality features).   Some Important Psychological Attributes:- Attributes are unique >Intelligence  >Aptitude  >Interest  >Personality  >Values  Intelligence it refers the who are highly talented in academic matters and also intelligent people have their own abilities to attain or to express their ideas easily. Aptitude it refers today intelligence capacity to acquire a skill or a knowledge.This kind of people have special power on understanding a skill and also in doing tasks by using their skills. Interest means that individuals preferring one or  more activities more than others.We can see this kind of people in our surroundings who are interested in a particular matter or in a particular field. Pe...

Stress is a main problem that we are facing now.Situation have major role increasing and decreasing the stress. Situational stress:-we all are facing stress in our every day life.Situational stress is telling about the level of stress that we facing in different situation.  Situational stress test:- This test help to understand stress when the people interacting with several situations.In this the test taker give client different situation then not some changes in different situation.test taker ask client to tell about most appropriate responses he /she feeling. And also it may help to analyse different levels of stress facing by the client in different situation. For example analysing employees stress level while he/she working. The test are often used in industrial organizational psychology as person selection and also for other matter. It helps to understand stress level of employers and other people while they are encouraging in different tasks.

Behavioral  ratings:- This tests are widely using in companies to understand the employers personality and in schools to understand children's personality. The process of classification may take place on the basis of different types of data we collected. Behavioral ratings also have several limitations some of them are mentioned below:- >Halo Effects:-rating is a difficult process.when we understanding a person on the basis of a single trait it leads to some errors.for example by seeing a good trait from a person we think that he/she have a good personality or by seeing a bad activity from a person sometimes we evaluate they are bad persons.As like first impression. Middle category biases :- It means that sometimes we avoid the data collected in or in last of our behavior analyzing process.In this method we give priority to middle collected data.firstly collected data may tell us that this person is bad and secondly collected data tells this person...

                                                   Box Full of Kisses (Love) Some time ago, a man punished his 3-year-old daughter for wasting a roll of gold wrapping paper. Money was tight and he became infuriated when the child tried to decorate a box to put under the Christmas tree. Nevertheless, the little girl brought the gift to her father the next morning and said, “This is for you, Daddy.” The man became embarrassed by his overreaction earlier, but his rage continue when he saw that the box was empty. He yelled at her; “Don’t you know, when you give someone a present, there is supposed to be something inside?” The little girl looked up at him with tears in her eyes and cried; “Oh, Daddy, it’s not empty at all. I blew kisses into the box. They’re all for you, Daddy.” Think creatively The father was crushed. He put his arms around ...

Observation :- it is a method of personality assessment.Through this method the observer wanted to understand and also wanted to rate personality on basis of this observation. Observe your surroundings This method is very helpful to analyse personality but it has several limitations some of them are mentioned below:- >The situation we didn't getting true data from others. >To understand and analyse data in proper way we need well experience in this field. >observing and analyzing  an individual's personality it is a process which consume more time. >In this method maturity of psychologist have a major role.It help to do test in proper manner. >The factor which effects in observation may also effects to data we collected. Behavioral ratings:- This tests are widely using in companies to understand the employers personality and in schools to understand children's personality. The process of classification may take place on the basis ...

Behavior is  is the actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the physical environment.  Behavioral analysis:- In behavioral analysis the behavior is mainly observed from others and make a analysis about this. Major techniques for behavioral analysis are:- >Interview it is a process of asking questions and collecting details. Structured and unstructured interview:- Structured interview :-it contains only some specific questions. Unstructured interview in this method interviewer can ask any questions and also the answers are also widely explained. Observation:-through deep observation on others activities we can understand their behavior. Behavioral rating :- Understand behaviors by using different behavioral  techniques then we wanted to measure this on basis of behavioral f...

Draw a person test:- Draw-a-person test. A test used to measure nonverbal intelligence or to screen for emotional or behavior disorders. Based on children's drawings of human figures, this test can be used with two different scoring systems. These test is mainly using in children's and adolescents to understand their problems and feelings. In this test the client were asked to draw picture and evaluate the test by observing the picture. After giving a particular sheet to client then ask him to draw a person in his imagination.The client will draw male or female then ask him to draw opposite sex.After finishing the drawings tell client to create a story on basis of this picture. Draw A Person >The expression in face were not clearly drawn it means that the person have some problem in inter personal relationship. >The neck is not drawn clearly it means that client can't control his /her feelings. >The picture is proportionately large head and ...

Projective Tests Psychology Definition: Projective tests are personality tests which is conducted in psychology and is done in order to understand the stimuli of the person. Besides this, the test also reveals different types of hidden emotions of a person – it also helps you to understand the internal conflicts of a person. This is also known as the objective test or a self-report test. Projective Tests have several Advantages And Disadvantages Theory About Projective Tests: The projective tests are done under the assumption that humans have conscious and unconscious motivation and attitudes. 1. It maintains conscious and unconscious constraints: The test affirms that an individual has various needs which can be both conscious and unconscious. These needs can be understood using the projective tests. 2. It results in spontaneous outcomes: The need of the person comes out spontaneously and there is no editing in these needs. It is the actual picture of the thought ...

Projective techniques are a subset of personality testing in which the examinee is given a simple unstructured task, with a goal of uncovering personality characteristics. Projective techniques are often the most recognizable yet the most psychometrically controversial psychological testing technique. Sentence completion test:- Herman Ebbinghaus introduced sentence completion test .firstly it is used in 1987 to assess the reasoning ability and intellectual capacity of children's. Sentence completion test is a semi structured test.It is process of completing a sentence in meaningful form.Then through the word she/he used to complete the sentence may used to evaluation. Sentences always begin with a capital letter and end in either a full stop, exclamation or question mark. A complete sentence always contains a verb, expresses a complete idea and makes sense standing alone. In sentence completion test there is some portion blank the client wanted to fill it by their...

Projective techniques are a subset of personality testing in which the examinee is given a simple unstructured task, with a goal of uncovering personality characteristics. Projective techniques are often the most recognizable yet the most psychometrically controversial psychological testing technique. Features of projective techniques:- >In this technique relatively indefinite and unstructured stimuli are provided to subject. >don't describe client about aims and scoring method of this technique  >don't tell that this is true or false. >All responds are factors of personality. >This technique have a wide chance of scoring and analysis. Projective tests are intended to uncover feelings, desires, and conflicts that are hidden from conscious awareness. By interpreting responses to ambiguous cues, psychoanalysts hope to uncover unconscious feelings that might be causing problems in a person's life.

                Thinking Out of the Box (Creative Thinking) In a small Italian town, hundreds of years ago, a small business owner owed a large sum of money to a loan-shark. The loan-shark was a very old, unattractive looking guy that just so happened to fancy the business owner’s daughter. He decided to offer the businessman a deal that would completely wipe out the debt he owed him. However, the catch was that we would only wipe out the debt if he could marry the businessman’s daughter. Use Your Brain Needless to say, this proposal was met with a look of disgust. The loan-shark said that he would place two pebbles into a bag, one white and one black. The daughter would then have to reach into the bag and pick out a pebble. If it was black, the debt would be wiped, but the loan-shark would then marry her. If it was white, the debt would also be wiped, but the daughter wouldn’t have to marry the loan-shark. Standing on a pebble-st...

Projective techniques are a subset of personality testing in which the examinee is given a simple unstructured task, with a goal of uncovering personality characteristics. Projective techniques are often the most recognizable yet the most psychometrically controversial psychological testing technique. Thematic Appreciation test  This test is another well-known test – it is more popularly known as the TAT test.  The Thematic Appreciation Test, or TAT, is a type of projective test that involves describing ambiguous scenes. Popularly known as the "picture interpretation technique," it was developed by American psychologists Henry A. Murray and Christina D. Morgan at Harvard University in the 1930s. There is no standardized procedure or set of cards for administering the TAT, except that it is a one-on-one test. It cannot be administered to groups. In one common method of administration, the examiner shows the subject only ten of the 31 cards at each of tw...

Projective techniques are a subset of personality testing in which the examinee is given a simple unstructured task, with a goal of uncovering personality characteristics. Projective techniques are often the most recognizable yet the most psychometrically controversial psychological testing technique. The Roschach inkbolt test  The test was introduced in 1921 by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach. It attained peak popularity in the 1960s, when it was widely used to assess cognition and personality and to diagnosis certain psychological conditions. Rorschach test Inkblot similar to those used in the Rorschach test. The Rorschach technique, sometimes known as the Rorschach test or the inkblot test, is a projective personality assessment based on the test taker's reactions to a series of 10 inkblot pictures. ... The Rorschach is used to help assess personality structure and identify emotional problems and mental disorders. In this test there is using cards in...

Projective techniques are a subset of personality testing in which the examine is given a simple unstructured task, with a goal of uncovering personality characteristics. Projective techniques are often the most recognizable yet the most psycho-metrically controversial psychological testing technique. Types of Projective Tests: There are various types of projective tests which are carried out on the individuals depending upon the needs of the person. 1. Rorschach test: The Rorschach inkblot test is very frequently used by the experts for the purpose of projective tests. In this test, there are various inkblots which are plotted symmetrically, but in an irregular position. The person is then asked what they are seeing in these blots. They get various responses from this test – the response is then analyzed keeping in mind various parameters. The experts check what time was taken to respond, what the person said about the inkblots, which was the most important aspec...

Personality Assessment is a proficiency in professional psychology that involves the administration, scoring, and interpretation of empirically supported measures of personality traits and styles in order to: Refine clinical diagnoses; Structure and inform psychological interventions; and. Self Report :-it is a method assessing an individual's personality through asking about himself. SIXTEEN PERSONALITY FACTOR QUESTIONNAIRE(16PF) Raymond Cattell took the list and removed all the synonyms, reducing the number down to 171. However, saying that a trait is either present or absent does not accurately reflect a person’s uniqueness, because (according to trait theorists) all of our personalities are actually made up of the same traits; we differ only in the degree to which each trait is expressed.Then catell proposed sixteen personality factor questionnaire(16PF). The 16PF provides a measure of normal personality and can also be used by psychologists, and other mental heal...

Personality Assessment is a proficiency in professional psychology that involves the administration, scoring, and interpretation of empirically supported measures of personality traits and styles in order to: Refine clinical diagnoses; Structure and inform psychological interventions; and. Self Report :-it is a method assessing an individual's personality through asking about himself. EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE  Personality is relatively stable consultation of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that occur for individual consistency over time. Allport define personality as a dynamic organisation with individual of those psycho physical system that determines his characteristic behavior and thoughts.   Many theories have been developed related personality which includes trait and type approach. Eysenck personality questionnaire is a structural personality test this test was designed by H.J Eysenk.The test was designed to assess of major d...

                    The Group of Frogs (Encouragement) As a group of frogs was traveling through the woods, two of them fell into a deep pit. When the other frogs crowded around the pit and saw how deep it was, they told the two frogs that there was no hope left for them. However, the two frogs decided to ignore what the others were saying and they proceeded to try and jump out of the pit.  Despite their efforts, the group of frogs at the top of the pit were still saying that they should just give up. That they would never make it out. Eventually, one of the frogs took heed to what the others were saying and he gave up, falling down to his death. The other frog continued to jump as hard as he could. Again, the crowd of frogs yelled at him to stop the pain and just die. He jumped even harder and finally made it out. When he got out, the other frogs said, “Did you not hear us?” The frog explained to them that he w...

Personality Assessment is a proficiency in professional psychology that involves the administration, scoring, and interpretation of empirically supported measures of personality traits and styles and other through psychological interventions. Self Report :-it is a method assessing an individual's personality through asking about himself. Methods of self report:- The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a psychological test that assesses personality traits and psychopathology. Hafta way and Mickmley proposed this theory It is primarily intended to test people who are suspected of having mental health or other clinical issues. Eysenk's personality questionnaire:-The Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) measures two pervasive, independent dimensions of personality, Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism-Stability, which account for most of the variance in the personality domain. Each form contains 57 “Yes-No” items with no repetition of items. Sixteen personalit...